Maildir
=======

This format debuted with the qmail server in the mid-1990s. Each mailbox folder
is a directory and each message a file. This improves efficiency because
individual emails can be modified, deleted and added without affecting the
mailbox or other emails, and makes it safer to use on networked file systems
such as NFS.

Dovecot extensions
------------------

Since the standard maildir specification [https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html]
doesn't provide everything needed to fully support the IMAP protocol, Dovecot
had to create some of its own non-standard extensions. The extensions still
keep the maildir standards compliant, so MUAs not supporting the extensions can
still safely use it as a normal maildir.

IMAP UID mapping
----------------

IMAP requires each message to have a permanent unique ID number. Dovecot uses
'dovecot-uidlist' file to keep UID <-> filename mapping. The file is basically
in the same format as Courier IMAP's courierimapuiddb file, except for one
difference (see below).

The file begins with a header:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
3 V1275660208 N25022 G3085f01b7f11094c501100008c4a11c1
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

 * 3 is the file format version number used by Dovecot v1.1+
 * 1275660208 is the IMAP UIDVALIDITY
 * 25022 is the UID that will be given to the next added message
 * 3085f01b7f11094c501100008c4a11c1 is the 128 bit mailbox global UID in hex
 * There may be other fields, and the order of these fields isn't important

Version 1 file format is compatible with Courier. Version 2 was used by a few
non-release versions.

After the header comes the list of UID <-> filename mappings:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
25006 :1276528487.M364837P9451.kurkku,S=1355,W=1394:2,
25017 W2481 :1276533073.M242911P3632.kurkku:2,F
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

 * 25006, 25017 are message UIDs
 * 2481 is the second message's virtual size. First message contains it in the
   filename itself, so it's not duplicated.
 * There may be more fields before ':' character
 * Rest of the line after ':' is the last known filename. This filename doesn't
   necessarily exist currently, because filename changes every time message's
   flags change. Dovecot doesn't waste disk I/O by rewriting uidlist file every
   time flags change, but whenever it is rewritten the latest filenames are
   used. This allows Dovecot to try to guess what the message's current
   filename is and if successful, avoid having to scan the directory's
   contents.

The dovecot-uidlist file doesn't need to be locked for reading. When writing
dovecot-uidlist.lock file needs to be created. New lines can be appended to the
end of file, but existing data must never be directly modified, it can only be
replaced with rename() call.

dovecot-uidlist is updated lazily to optimize for disk I/O. If a message is
expunged, it may not be removed from dovecot-uidlist until sometimes later.
This means that if you create a new file using the same file name as what
already exists in dovecot-uidlist, Dovecot thinks you "unexpunged" message by
restoring a message from backup. This causes a warning to be logged and the
file to be renamed.

Note that messages must not be modified once they've been delivered. IMAP (and
Dovecot) requires that messages are immutable. If you wish to modify them in
any way, create a new message instead and expunge the old one.

IMAP keywords
-------------

All the non-standard message flags are called keywords in IMAP. Some clients
use these automatically for marking spam (eg. $Junk, $NonJunk, $Spam, $NonSpam
keywords). Thunderbird uses labels which map to keywords $Label1, $Label2, etc.

Dovecot stores keywords in the maildir filename's flags field using letters
a..z. This means that only 26 keywords are possible to store in the maildir. If
more are used, they're still stored in Dovecot's index files. The mapping from
single letters to keyword names is stored in dovecot-keywords file. The file is
in format:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 $Junk
1 $NonJunk
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

0 means letter 'a' in the maildir filename, 1 means 'b' and so on. The file
doesn't need to be locked for reading, but when writing dovecot-uidlist file
must be locked. The file must not be directly modified, it can only be replaced
with rename() call.

For example, a file named

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1234567890.M20046P2137.mailserver,S=4542,W=4642:2,Sb
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

would be flagged as '$NonJunk' with the above keywords.

Maildir filename extensions
---------------------------

The standard filename definition is: "<base filename>:2,<flags>". Dovecot has
extended the<flags> field to be "<flags>[,<non-standard fields>]". This means
that if Dovecot sees a comma in the<flags> field while updating flags in the
filename, it doesn't touch anything after the comma. However other maildir MUAs
may mess them up, so it's still not such a good idea to do that. Basic<flags>
are described here [https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html]. The <non-standard
fields> isn't used by Dovecot for anything currently.

Dovecot supports reading a few fields from the <base filename>:

 * ',S=<size>': <size> contains the file size. Getting the size from the
   filename avoids doing a stat(), which may improve the performance. This is
   especially useful with <Maildir++ quota> [Quota.Maildir.txt].
 * ',W=<vsize>': <vsize> contains the file's RFC822.SIZE, ie. the file size
   with linefeeds being CR+LF characters. If the message was stored with CR+LF
   linefeeds,<size> and <vsize> are the same. Setting this may give a small
   speedup because now Dovecot doesn't need to calculate the size itself.

A maildir filename with those fields would look something like:
'1035478339.27041_118.foo.org,S=1000,W=1030:2,S'

Usage of timestamps
-------------------

Timestamps of message files:

 * 'mtime' is used as IMAP INTERNALDATE, RFC 3501 sec 2.3.3.
   [https://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc3501.html], must never change, see sec.
   2.3.1.1. 4)
 * 'ctime' used as Dovecot's internal "save/copy date", unless the correct
   value is found from 'dovecot.index.cache'. This is used only by external
   commands, e.g. "doveadm expunge savedbefore".
 * 'atime' not used

Timestamps of 'cur' and 'new' directories:

 * 'mtime' is used to detect changes of the mailbox and may force regeneration
   of <index files> [IndexFiles.txt]
 * 'atime' and 'ctime' not used

Filename examples
-----------------

+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| Filename                                                                                    | Explanation                |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| *1491941793*.M41850P8566V0000000000000015I0000000004F3030E_0.mx1.example.com,S=10956:2,STln | UNIX timestamp of arrival  |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 1491941793.M41850P8566V0000000000000015I0000000004F3030E_0.mx1.example.com,*S=10956*:2,STln | Size of e-mail             |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+
| 1491941793.M41850P8566V0000000000000015I0000000004F3030E_0.mx1.example.com,S=10956:2,*STln* | *S*=seen (marked as read)  |
|                                                                                             | *T*=trashed                |
|                                                                                             | *l*=IMAP tag #12 (0=a, 1=b,|
|                                                                                             | 2=c, etc) as defined in    |
|                                                                                             | that folder's              |
|                                                                                             | dovecot-keywords.          |
|                                                                                             | *n*=IMAP tag #14 (0=a, 1=b,|
|                                                                                             | 2=c, etc) as defined in    |
|                                                                                             | that folder's              |
|                                                                                             | dovecot-keywords.          |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------+

Maildir and filesystems
-----------------------

General comparisons of Maildir on different filesystems
-------------------------------------------------------

 * https://www.thesmbexchange.com/eng/qmail_fs_benchmark.html
 * https://www.htiweb.inf.br/benchmark/fsbench.htm (including some graphs)

Linux ext2 / ext3
-----------------

The main disadvantage is that searching can be slightly slower, and access to
very large mailboxes (thousands of messages) can get slow with filesystems
which don't have directory indexes.

Old versions of ext2 and ext3 on Linux don't support directory indexing (to
speed up access), but newer versions of ext3 do, although you may have to
manually enable it. You can check if the indexing is already enabled with
tune2fs:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
tune2fs -l /dev/hda3 | grep features
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

If you see dir_index, you're all set. If dir_index is missing, add it using:

---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------
umount /dev/hda3
tune2fs -O dir_index /dev/hda3
e2fsck -fD /dev/hda3
mount /dev/hda3
---%<-------------------------------------------------------------------------

ReiserFS
--------

ReiserFS was built to be fast with lots of small files, so it works well with
maildir.

XFS
---

XFS performance seems to depend on a lot of factors, also on the system and the
file system parameters.

 * There are early reports on the dovecot mailing list which suggest that XFS
   seems quite a lot slower than ext3 or
   ReiserFS:https://dovecot.org/list/dovecot/2007-January/018994.html
 * But then again others recommend XFS for the use with Maildir and dovecot:
   https://dovecot.org/list/dovecot/2006-May/013216.html
 * This 2007 Linux.conf.au talk about "Choosing and Tuning Linux File Systems"
   (Slides as PDF)
   [https://mirror.linux.org.au/pub/linux.conf.au/2007/video/talks/348.pdf]
   also recommends XFS for Maildir (alternatively ext3 with small blocks and
   high inodetofile ratio)
 * Someone else wrote here in the wiki: XFS on TSL 3.0.5 works almost twice as
   fast as our prior EXT3 installation of which is significant in size.
   ReiserFS is also a good option.
 * Comparisons which suggest XFS as being best choice:
    * https://www.thesmbexchange.com/eng/qmail_fs_benchmark.html
    * https://www.htiweb.inf.br/benchmark/fsbench.htm

Various tips
------------

 * Mounting XFS with 'logbufs=8' option might increase the speed.
 * Create the XFS with options '-b size=1024 -d su=16k,sw=3 -l
   logdev=<some_other_device>' (Source:
   https://www.thesmbexchange.com/eng/qmail_fs_benchmark.html)
 * Use 'mkfs.xfs -f -l size=32768b,version=2' and 'mount.xfs -o
   noatime,logbufs=8,logbsize=131072' (Source:
   https://www.htiweb.inf.br/benchmark/fsbench.htm)

NFS
---

NFS v3 performance can be adversely affected by readdirplus, which causes the
NFS server to stat() every file in a directory.  The solution under Linux is to
make sure the NFS filesystem is mounted with the "nordirplus" option.

 * https://dovecot.org/list/dovecot/2012-July/066939.html

Directory Structure
-------------------

By default Dovecot uses Maildir++
[https://www.courier-mta.org/imap/README.maildirquota.html] directory layout
for organizing mailbox directories. This means that all the folders are
directly inside '~/Maildir' directory:

 * '~/Maildir/new', '~/Maildir/cur' and '~/Maildir/tmp' directories contain the
   messages for INBOX. The 'tmp' directory is used during delivery, new
   messages arrive in 'new' and read shall be moved to 'cur' by the clients.
 * '~/Maildir/.folder/' is a mailbox folder
 * '~/Maildir/.folder.subfolder/' is a subfolder of a folder (ie.
   "folder/subfolder")

You can also optionally use the "fs" layout by appending ':LAYOUT=fs' to
<mail_location> [MailLocation.txt]. This makes the folder structure look like:

 * '~/Maildir/new', '~/Maildir/cur' and '~/Maildir/tmp' directories contain the
   messages for INBOX, just like with Maildir++.
 * '~/Maildir/folder/' is a mailbox folder
 * '~/Maildir/folder/subfolder/' is a subfolder of a folder

Filesystem permissions
----------------------

See <SharedMailboxes.Permissions.txt> for how permissions are set for newly
created files and directories.

Since Dovecot v2.0 "Permissions for newly created mail files are no longer
copied from dovecot-shared file", see <Upgrading.2.0.txt>.

Issues with the specification
-----------------------------

Locking
-------

Although maildir was designed to be lockless, Dovecot locks the maildir while
doing modifications to it or while looking for new messages in it. This is
required because otherwise Dovecot might temporarily see mails incorrectly
deleted, which would cause trouble. Basically the problem is that if one
process modifies the maildir (eg. a rename() to change a message's flag),
another process in the middle of listing files at the same time could skip a
file. The skipping happens because readdir() system call doesn't guarantee that
all the files are returned if the directory is modified between the calls to
it. This problem exists with all the commonly used filesystems.

Because Dovecot uses its own non-standard locking ('dovecot-uidlist.lock'
dotlock file), other MUAs accessing the maildir don't support it. This means
that if another MUA is updating messages' flags or expunging messages, Dovecot
might temporarily lose some message. After the next sync when it finds it
again, an error message may be written to log and the message will receive a
new UID.

Delivering mails to new/ directory doesn't have any problems, so there's no
need for LDAs to support any type of locking.

Mail delivery
-------------

Qmail's how a message is delivered page
[https://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html] suggests to deliver the mail like
this:

 1. Create a unique filename (only "time.pid.host" here, later Maildir spec has
    been updated to allow more uniqueness identifiers)
 2. Do 'stat(tmp/<filename>)'. If the 'stat()' found a file, wait 2 seconds and
    go back to step 1.
 3. Create and write the message to the 'tmp/<filename>'.
 4. link() it into new/ directory. Although not mentioned here, the link()
    could again fail if the mail existed in new/ dir. In that case you should
    probably go back to step 1.

All this trouble is rather pointless. Only the first step is what really
guarantees that the mails won't get overwritten, the rest just sounds nice.
Even though they might catch a problem once in a while, they give no guaranteed
protection and will just as easily pass duplicate filenames through and
overwrite existing mails.

Step 2 is pointless because there's a race condition between steps 2 and 3.
PID/host combination by itself should already guarantee that it never finds
such a file. If it does, something's broken and the stat() check won't help
since another process might be doing the same thing at the same time, and you
end up writing to the same file in tmp/, causing the mail to get corrupted.

In step 4 the link() would fail if an identical file already existed in the
maildir, right? Wrong. The file may already have been moved to cur/ directory,
and since it may contain any number of flags by then you can't check with a
simple stat() anymore if it exists or not.

Step 2 was pointed out to be useful if clock had moved backwards. However again
this doesn't give any actual safety guarantees, because an identical base
filename could already exist in cur/. Besides if the system was just rebooted,
the file in tmp/ could probably be even overwritten safely (assuming it wasn't
already link()ed to new/).

So really, all that's important in not getting mails overwritten in your
maildir is the step 1: Always create filenames that are guaranteed to be
unique. Forget about the 2 second waits and such that the Qmail's man page
talks about.

Maildir and mail header metadata
--------------------------------

Unlike when using <mbox> [MailboxFormat.mbox.txt] as <mailbox format>
[MailboxFormat.txt], where mail headers (for example 'Status', 'X-UID', etc.)
are <used to determine and store meta-data> [MailboxFormat.mbox.txt], the mail
headers within maildir files are (usually)*not* used for this purpose by
dovecot; neither when mails are created/moved/etc. via IMAP nor when maildirs
are placed (e.g. copied or moved in the filesystem) in a mail location (and
then "imported" by dovecot).Therefore, it is (usually) *not* necessary, to
strip any such mail headers at the MTA, MDA or LDA (as it is recommended with
<mbox> [MailboxFormat.mbox.txt]).

There is one exception, though, namely when 'pop3_reuse_xuidl=yes' (which is
however rather deprecated):In this case 'X-UIDL' is used for the POP3 UIDLs.
Therefore,*in this case, is recommended to strip the 'X-UIDL' mail headers
_case-insensitively_ at the MTA, MDA or LDA*.

Procmail Problems
-----------------

Maildir format is somewhat compatible with MH format. This is sometimes a
problem when people configure their procmail to deliver mails to 'Maildir/new'.
This makes procmail create the messages in MH format, which basically means
that the file is called 'msg.inode_number'. While this appears to work first,
after expunging messages from the maildir the inodes are freed and will be
reused later. This means that another file with the same name may come to the
maildir, which makes Dovecot think that an expunged file reappeared into the
mailbox and an error is logged.

The proper way to configure procmail to deliver to a Maildir is to use
'Maildir/' as the destination.

References
----------

 * Official Maildir format page [https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html]
 * Qmail's how to deliver to Maildir man page
   [https://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html]
 * Maildir++ [https://www.courier-mta.org/imap/README.maildirquota.html]
 * Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maildir]

(This file was created from the wiki on 2019-06-19 12:42)
